GS Paper III – Science & Technology | Prelims + Mains Oriented

Californium, a synthetic radioactive element, has been in the news repeatedly due to its strategic, industrial and scientific importance, especially in nuclear safety, mining, space exploration and defence-related applications. Known as one of the most expensive substances on Earth, californium often attracts attention for costing far more than gold.

What is Californium?

• Atomic Number: 98
• Category: Actinide, radioactive synthetic element
• Discovered: 1950 at the University of California, Berkeley
• Named after: California

Californium does not occur naturally and must be artificially produced in nuclear reactors or particle accelerators.

Why is Californium in the News?

Californium has gained attention due to:

• Its use in nuclear reactor start-up and safety mechanisms
• Growing demand in mineral exploration (gold, silver, oil)
• Applications in neutron radiography, space missions and defence research
• Concerns related to nuclear security and radioactive material regulation

Key Uses of Californium:

1. Neutron Source

• Californium-252 emits powerful neutrons
• Used to:
  • Start nuclear reactors
  • Detect fissile materials
  • Inspect aircraft parts and nuclear fuel rods

2. Mining and Resource Exploration

• Helps identify gold, silver, oil and coal deposits
• Used in neutron activation analysis

3. Medical and Scientific Research

• Limited use in cancer therapy (neutron radiation)
• Fundamental nuclear physics research

4. Space and Defence Applications

• Used in space probes as a neutron source
• Strategic relevance in defence-related research

Why is Californium More Expensive Than Gold?

Californium is often called “the most expensive element”. The reasons include:

1. Extremely Difficult Production

• Produced in specialized nuclear reactors
• Requires months to years of neutron bombardment
• Only a few grams are produced globally each year

2. Complex Extraction Process

• Separating californium from other radioactive elements is highly complex
• Involves advanced nuclear chemistry and safety protocols

3. Short Half-Life

• Californium-252 has a half-life of about 2.6 years
• Constant production is required to maintain supply

4. High Strategic and Industrial Value

• Critical for nuclear safety, energy, defence and space sectors
• No viable substitute for many of its applications

5. Supply Monopoly

• Produced mainly in government-controlled nuclear facilities
• Limited producers increase cost significantly

Approximate Cost: Californium can cost several million dollars per gram, far exceeding gold, which costs only a few thousand rupees per gram.

Comparison with Gold

Challenges and Concerns:

• Radioactive hazards
• Security risks if misused
• Strict regulation under international nuclear safety norms

Californium represents the intersection of advanced nuclear science, strategic security and economic value. Its rarity, complex production process and critical applications make it far more expensive than gold. From a UPSC perspective, californium is important due to its relevance in nuclear technology, resource exploration, space science and national security.

UPSC MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION

1. Californium, one of the most expensive synthetic elements, has gained strategic importance in recent times. Discuss its production, key applications and explain why it is considered more valuable than gold. (250 words)(15 marks)
2. Strategic materials play a crucial role in modern national security.” Examine this statement in the context of Californium. (150 words)(10 marks)
3. Why is Californium classified as a critical strategic element? Highlight the challenges associated with its production and regulation. (150 words) (10 marks)